{"id":3515,"date":"2025-04-18T08:39:01","date_gmt":"2025-04-18T08:39:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/?p=3515"},"modified":"2025-04-18T10:00:25","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T10:00:25","slug":"fibre-optic-signal-loss-and-attenuation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/am\/fibre-optic-signal-loss-and-attenuation\/","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1218\u1293\u1218\u1295"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u12e8\u1260\u12ed\u1290\u1218\u1228\u1265 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275\u12ce \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u130a\u12dc \u12a8\u121a\u1320\u1260\u1240\u12cd \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1240\u122d\u134b\u134b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1320\u12ed\u1240\u12cd \u12eb\u12cd\u1243\u1209\u1363 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1348\u1323\u1295 \u1262\u1206\u1295\u121d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>? \u1218\u120d\u1231 \u1265\u12d9\u12cd\u1295 \u130a\u12dc \u1260 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12ad\u1235\u1270\u1276\u127d \u12cd\u1202\u1261 \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u1260\u1325\u1229 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u12eb\u120d\u134d \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296 \u120a\u12eb\u1233\u12f5\u1229 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>\u12a8\u126a\u12f2\u12ee \u1325\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12f0\u1218\u1293 \u121b\u1235\u120b\u1275 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 \u12eb\u1233\u12f5\u122b\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1208\u1300\u121b\u122a \u1270\u1235\u121b\u121a \u1218\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u1363 \u1218\u1295\u1235\u12a4\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u121d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u1228\u121d\u122b\u1208\u1295\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u12c8\u12f0 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12d8\u120d\u1246 \u1218\u130d\u1263\u1275 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em>, \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>. \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f5\u1275\u127d\u120d \u1240\u120b\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u134a \u12a5\u1293\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cb\u1208\u1295 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12ed\u1230\u122b\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd. \u12a8CommMesh \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1204\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d\u1363 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u12a5\u1293\u1265\u122b <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1273\u1308\u120d <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u134a\u1275 \u1208\u134a\u1275!<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1275\u12a9\u1228\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u121d\u1295\u12f5\u1290\u12cd?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1218\u1293\u1218\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u1265\u12d9\u12cd\u1295 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12ab\u12cd \u1260\u1243\u132b\u12cd \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u121a\u1313\u12dd\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235\u1295 \u12eb\u1218\u1208\u12ad\u1273\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>. <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1274\u1295\u123d\u1295<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1271 \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u1218\u12f3\u12a8\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u12aa\u120e \u121c\u1275\u122d \u1260\u12f2\u1232\u1264\u120d (\u12f2\u1262\/\u12aa\u121c) \u12ed\u1308\u1208\u133b\u120d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em>\u1328\u121d\u122e <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em>, \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>\u1363 \u1260\u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1218\u1228\u121d\u1228\u12cd <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation.jpg\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"940\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation.jpg\" alt=\"\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1218\u1293\u1218\u1295\" class=\"wp-image-3518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation.jpg 940w, https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation-300x190.jpg 300w, https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation-768x485.jpg 768w, https:\/\/commmesh.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Fibre-Optic-Signal-Loss-and-Attenuation-600x379.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 940px) 100vw, 940px\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1218\u1293\u1218\u1295<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1275\u12a9\u1228\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u1218\u121b\u122d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd\u1362<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1274\u1295\u123d\u1295<\/em> \u121b\u1309\u120b\u1275 \u12a8\u121b\u1235\u1348\u1208\u1309 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1271 \u121d\u1295 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u122d\u1240\u1275 \u120a\u1313\u12dd \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u127d\u120d \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12c8\u1235\u1295 \u12c8\u1233\u129d \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1348\u133b\u1338\u121d\u1295 \u120a\u1240\u1295\u1235 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12e8\u1274\u120c\u12ae\u121d \u12a0\u12cd\u1273\u1228 \u1218\u1228\u1266\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u12a5\u12a8\u120e\u127d \u12eb\u1209 \u1218\u1270\u130d\u1260\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d. \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u1218\u1210\u1295\u12f2\u1236\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1240\u1295\u1231 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1209 \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1290\u12f5\u1349 \u12ed\u1228\u12f3\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121b\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1321 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f1 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12a6 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u1209 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u12a5\u12eb\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f3\u1278\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1218\u12f0\u1263\u1209. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12eb\u12ab\u1275\u1273\u1209 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> (\u1260\u1309\u12f5\u1208\u1276\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295); <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> (\u1260\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u1241\u1233\u1241\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1238\u12a8\u1218 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295) <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> (\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1260\u130a\u12dc \u1202\u12f0\u1275 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b \u1290\u12cd), \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> (\u1260\u1239\u120d \u1218\u1273\u1320\u134a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121b\u121d\u1208\u1325)\u1362 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u12eb\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f1 \u121a\u1293 \u12ed\u132b\u12c8\u1273\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121a\u1260\u1270\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1245\u1295\u1323\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1275\u1295\u123d \u1309\u12f5\u1208\u1276\u127d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1243\u132b\u12cd \u12a5\u121d\u1265\u122d\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1263\u1209 \u1246\u123b\u123b\u12ce\u127d \u1232\u1308\u1208\u1209 \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u1265\u1270\u1293\u1363 \u1265\u12d9 \u130a\u12dc \u122c\u12ed\u120a\u130d \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295 \u1270\u1265\u120e \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u122b\u12cd \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12cb\u1290\u129b\u12cd \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1345\u12d6 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>. \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u1260\u12a0\u132b\u132d\u122d \u12e8\u121e\u1308\u12f5 \u122d\u12dd\u1218\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u130e\u120d\u1276 \u12ed\u1273\u12eb\u120d \u1363 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1241\u120d\u134d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u1208 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u1260\u1228\u1305\u121d \u122d\u1240\u1275 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u12cd\u120b\u120d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1295\u1235\u12a4\u12ce\u127d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u1260\u121b\u121d\u1228\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1218\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1275 \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u122d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u12f6\u1352\u1295\u130d \u1241\u1236\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ab\u1209 \u1325\u1243\u1245\u1295 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1276\u127d \u12ed\u1290\u1233\u1209 \u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u12db\u1263\u1276\u127d \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1260\u12d8\u1348\u1240\u12f0 \u12a0\u1245\u1323\u132b\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1260\u1270\u1295 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u1209\u1363 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u1309\u12f5\u1208\u1276\u127d \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a8 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u1260\u1228\u1305\u121d \u122d\u1240\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u1275\u1293\u1295\u123d \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1260\u122d\u1240\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u121b\u1279\u1260\u1275, \u12a5\u12e8\u1328\u1218\u1228 \u12ed\u1204\u12f3\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>. \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, \u1218\u1210\u1295\u12f2\u1236\u127d \u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u1208\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1295\u133d\u1205\u1293 \u1241\u1233\u1241\u1236\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u121b\u1209 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em>, \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u121b\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a0\u1348\u133b\u1338\u121d \u1208 <em>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u1241\u1233\u1241\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u1232\u12c8\u1235\u12f5 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1219\u1240\u1275 \u1232\u1240\u12e8\u122d \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u120c\u120b \u12cb\u1293 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1290\u12cd <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>. <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u1260\u1218\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1271 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12e8\u12cd\u1203 \u121e\u1208\u12aa\u12cd\u120e\u127d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12e8\u1265\u1228\u1275 ion\u12ce\u127d \u12ab\u1209 \u1246\u123b\u123b\u12ce\u127d \u120a\u1218\u1323 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d \u1363 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1271\u1295 \u12eb\u12f3\u12ad\u121b\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1218\u121d\u1320\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1230\u1271\u1275 \u1260\u12cd\u1235\u1323\u12ca \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d (\u12e8\u1218\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1325\u122e \u1263\u1205\u122a\u12eb\u1275) \u12a5\u1293 \u12cd\u132b\u12ca \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127d (\u12cd\u132b\u12ca \u1246\u123b\u123b\u12ce\u127d) \u1293\u1278\u12cd. \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c\u1363 \u12a8\u12a5\u122d\u1325\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u1203\u12ed\u12f5\u122e\u12ad\u1233\u12ed\u120d ions \u1260\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1290 \u12e8\u121e\u1308\u12f5 \u122d\u12dd\u1218\u1275 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295\u1295 \u120a\u12c8\u1235\u12f5 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>. \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1295\u1339\u1205 \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u1241\u1233\u1241\u1236\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d\u1295 \u12eb\u12ab\u1275\u1273\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1320\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1231, \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1345\u12a6 \u12eb\u12f5\u122d\u1309 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12a8\u122d\u1240\u1275 \u1260\u120b\u12ed\u1362 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u120a\u1308\u12f5\u1261 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12eb\u1208 \u1270\u12f0\u130b\u130b\u121a\u12ce\u127d, \u1208\u1218\u1245\u1228\u134d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cb\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u1208 \u12cd\u1324\u1273\u121b <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u1260\u121a\u1313\u12d9\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1295\u1323\u134e\u127d \u1232\u1230\u122b\u132d \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d, \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u1218\u12f0\u122b\u1228\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u12db\u1263\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u12a8\u1275\u120b\u120d. \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1218\u1233\u1235\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12c8\u12ed\u121d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1231 \u1363 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u130d\u120d\u1345\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12dd\u1245 \u12eb\u12f5\u122d\u1309 \u1363 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1345\u12d6 \u12eb\u12f5\u122d\u1309 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1295\u1235\u12a4\u12ce\u127d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1230\u1271\u1275 \u1260\u121e\u12f3\u120d \u1235\u122d\u132d\u1275 (\u1260\u1218\u120d\u1272\u121e\u12f5 \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325) \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12ad\u122e\u121b\u1272\u12ad \u1235\u122d\u132d\u1275 (\u1260\u1290\u1320\u120b \u121e\u12f5 \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d) \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u121e\u12f3\u120d \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f6\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, chromatic dispersion \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1233\u12cd \u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121e\u1308\u12f6\u127d \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e8 \u134d\u1325\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1313\u12dd \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1201\u1208\u1271\u121d \u12ed\u1328\u121d\u122b\u1209 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u121b\u12f0\u1265\u12d8\u12dd \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d <em>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134d<\/em>\u12e8\u1218\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u12ed\u12d8\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u122d\u1240\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1308\u12f0\u1265 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>. \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>\u1363 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1320\u1260\u1245 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd \u1363 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u134d\u1325\u1290\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12cd\u1273\u1228 \u1218\u1228\u1266\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1362<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1273\u1320\u1348 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u1218\u127c \u12ed\u12a8\u1230\u1273\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1260\u1325\u1229 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12e8\u1273\u1320\u1348 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u12a8\u12cb\u1293\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12c8\u12f0 \u1218\u12a8\u1208\u12eb\u12cd \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1308\u1263 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ed\u1290\u1275 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u1309\u120d\u1205 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1345\u12d6 \u12a0\u1260\u122d\u12ad\u1277\u120d\u1362 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1308\u1218\u12f6\u127d \u12a0\u120b\u130d\u1263\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1261\u1260\u1275 \u1270\u12a8\u120b\u12ce\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u121b\u1323\u1218\u121d \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1295\u1235\u12a4\u12ce\u127d<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1230\u1271\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12ad\u122e \u121b\u1320\u134d (\u1260\u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12e9 \u1275\u120b\u120d\u1245 \u121b\u1320\u134a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d) \u12a5\u1293 \u121b\u12ed\u12ad\u122e-\u121b\u1320\u134d (\u12a8\u12cd\u132b\u12ca \u130d\u134a\u1275 \u1325\u1243\u1245\u1295 \u1218\u1273\u1320\u134a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d) \u1293\u1278\u12cd. \u1201\u1208\u1271\u121d \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1290\u1338\u1265\u122b\u1245\u1295 \u12eb\u1260\u120b\u123b\u1209\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u12a5\u12e8\u1328\u1218\u1228 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>. \u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b \u12e8\u12ac\u1265\u120d \u12a0\u12eb\u12eb\u12dd <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u1208\u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1320\u1263\u1265 \u1260\u1206\u1291 \u1266\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u1260\u12a5\u1305\u1309 \u120a\u1240\u1295\u1235 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12a8\u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1273\u1320\u134a\u12eb \u122b\u12f2\u12e8\u1235 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1273\u1320\u1241 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, \u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121b\u121b\u129d <em>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134d<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 Attenuation \u1218\u1208\u12ab\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u1275 \u1218\u1233\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u1275 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u130a\u12dc-\u130e\u122b \u12a0\u1295\u1338\u1263\u122b\u1242 \u1218\u1208\u12aa\u12eb\u12ce\u127d (OTDRs) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1283\u12ed\u120d \u1246\u1323\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12eb\u1209 \u1218\u1233\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u12ab\u1275\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u1233\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u12ed\u1308\u1218\u130d\u121b\u1209 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1270\u1295\u1270\u1295, \u1208\u1218\u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12ed\u1228\u12f3\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12c8\u12ed\u121d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1245\u120d\u1325\u134d\u1293\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u1228\u12f1 \u12d8\u12f4\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1260\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u120b\u12ed <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12a0\u12f5\u122b\u123b \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1308\u12cb\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em>. \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b-\u1295\u1345\u1205\u1293 \u1265\u122d\u132d\u1246\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>. \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295-\u121b\u12ab\u12ab\u123b \u12ad\u122e\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u12ed\u1228\u12f3\u1209 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em>, \u1260\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u120d \u1218\u132b\u1295 \u1232\u1240\u122d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u12f4\u12ce\u127d \u12eb\u1320\u1293\u12ad\u122b\u1209 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1218\u12f0\u1260\u129b \u1325\u1308\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1218\u12f0\u1260\u129b \u1325\u1308\u1293 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u1208\u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>. \u121b\u1308\u1293\u129b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u133d\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1218\u1273\u1320\u134a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1348\u1270\u123d \u120a\u1240\u1295\u1235 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u122b\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u12a8\u1273\u1270\u120d \u1232\u1228\u12f3 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12c8\u12ed\u121d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>. \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>, \u1295\u1241 \u1325\u1308\u1293 \u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1218\u1270\u130d\u1260\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275 \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1274\u120c\u12ae\u1219\u1292\u12ac\u123d\u1295<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1260\u1274\u120c\u12ae\u1219\u1292\u12ac\u123d\u1295\u1363 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a8 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12e8\u1325\u122a \u1325\u122b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1260\u12ed\u1290\u1218\u1228\u1265 \u134d\u1325\u1290\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 \u120a\u12eb\u1233\u12f5\u122d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12c8\u12ed\u121d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u1270\u12f0\u130b\u130b\u121a\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u120a\u1348\u120d\u130d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d, \u12c8\u132a\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u1328\u121d\u122b\u120d. \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121b\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120e\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120e\u127d \u1260\u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u1218\u1228\u12ae\u12db\u1209 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u1208\u1348\u1323\u1295 <em>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134d<\/em>. <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u1218\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u12ed\u12d8\u1275 \u120a\u1308\u12f5\u1265 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d, \u1233\u1208 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u12a8\u1320\u1263\u1265 \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122d \u12a0\u1348\u1343\u1340\u121d\u1295 \u120a\u12eb\u1233\u1323\u12cd \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d. \u121b\u1218\u127b\u1278\u1275 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u1208\u1270\u1240\u120b\u1320\u1348 \u1235\u122b\u12ce\u127d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1228\u1305\u121d \u130a\u12dc \u12a0\u12cd\u1273\u1228 \u1218\u1228\u1266\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u12e8\u1228\u12e5\u121d \u122d\u1240\u1275 \u1294\u1275\u12c8\u122d\u12ae\u127d \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1235\u121c\u1273\u12ca \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u1260\u122d\u1240\u1275 \u12ed\u12a8\u121b\u1279. \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u1240\u134d \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1275\u1295\u1239 \u12ed\u12f0\u130d\u1349 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u12c8\u12f3\u12f0\u122d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295 vs \u12e8\u1218\u121d\u1320\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121b\u12de\u122d\u1295 \u12eb\u12ab\u1275\u1273\u120d, \u1233\u1208 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1283\u12ed\u120d \u1218\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12eb\u12ab\u1275\u1273\u120d. \u1201\u1208\u1271\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12a6 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u1209 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>, \u130d\u1295 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u1260\u121e\u1308\u12f5 \u122d\u12dd\u1218\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1271 \u1293\u1278\u12cd, \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em> \u1260\u1241\u1233\u12ca \u1295\u1345\u1205\u1293 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1270 \u1290\u12cd <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1235\u122d\u132d\u1275 vs \u121b\u1320\u134d \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12e8\u1270\u12db\u1263 \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u130d\u120d\u133d\u1290\u1275, \u1233\u1208 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1231. \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1218\u1233\u1235\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em>\u12e8\u1218\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134a\u12eb \u12ed\u12d8\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12ab <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u1260\u1270\u1308\u1262\u12cd \u12a0\u12eb\u12eb\u12dd \u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u120d \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u1295\u133d\u133d\u122d \u1220\u1295\u1320\u1228\u12e5\u1361 \u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1276\u1279\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1265\u122b\u122b\u1275\u1363 \u12a5\u12da\u1205 \u130b\u122d \u121b\u1290\u1343\u1340\u122d \u1240\u120b\u120d \u1230\u1295\u1320\u1228\u12e5 \u12a0\u1208\u1362 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u12e8\u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u1290\u1275<\/th><th>\u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271 \u12cb\u12cd!<\/th><th>\u1260\u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\u12e8\u121a\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/td><td>\u12e8\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1218\u12db\u1263\u1275 \u1260\u1246\u123b\u123b\u12ce\u127d<\/td><td>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1323\u1275 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/td><td>\u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1260\u1241\u1233\u1241\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1240\u12f3<\/td><td>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1273\u1270\u1290 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/td><td>\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1271 \u12a8\u130a\u12dc \u12c8\u12f0 \u130a\u12dc \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b \u1290\u12cd\u1362<\/td><td>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u130d\u120d\u133d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u12db\u1263\u120d<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u12e8\u121b\u1323\u1218\u121d \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/td><td>\u1260\u121b\u1320\u134a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u121b\u121d\u1208\u1325<\/td><td>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1325\u1295\u12ab\u122c\u1295 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>\u12ed\u1205 \u1230\u1295\u1320\u1228\u12e5 \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u12eb\u130e\u120b\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em> \u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>, \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u1325\u1228\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u121d\u122b\u1275 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12cd\u1235\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1260\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u1235\u120d\u1276\u127d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1325\u122b\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1241\u1233\u1241\u1236\u127d \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b-\u1295\u1345\u1205\u1293 \u1265\u122d\u132d\u1246 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>, \u12dd\u1245 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em>. \u1260\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12a2\u1295\u1268\u1235\u1275 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u12ed\u1328\u121d\u122b\u120d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12a0\u1348\u133b\u1338\u121d, \u12a0\u1290\u1235\u1270\u129b \u121b\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1325 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u12ac\u1265\u120d \u132d\u1290\u1275<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u132d\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u120b\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em> \u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1273\u1320\u134a\u12eb \u122b\u12f2\u12e8\u1235 \u1260\u1218\u1320\u1260\u1245 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>. \u1260\u1325\u1295\u1243\u1244 \u121b\u12d8\u12cb\u12c8\u122d <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 \u12ed\u123b\u123b\u120b\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u12e8\u120b\u1240 \u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u1295\u12f5\u134e\u127d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em> \u1260\u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u1235\u122d\u132d\u1275 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1218\u1273\u1320\u134d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1241 \u1263\u1205\u122a\u12eb\u1275 \u12ed\u1240\u1295\u1233\u120d <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1276\u127d \u1260 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u12dd\u1245 \u12eb\u1208 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u1208\u1270\u123b\u1208 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u121b\u1320\u1243\u1208\u12eb\u1361 \u1208\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1232\u130d\u1293\u120d \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u134d\u1273\u1275<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em> \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235<\/em> \u1275\u1293\u1295\u123d \u1218\u1230\u1293\u12ad\u120e\u127d \u120a\u1218\u1235\u1209 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209\u1363 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12f2\u1302\u1273\u120d \u12d3\u1208\u121b\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1243\u1293 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1220\u122b \u1208\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12c8\u1233\u129d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u1218\u122d\u121d\u1228\u1293\u120d\u1362 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u12aa\u1233\u122b \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d<\/em>-<em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u1218\u1260\u1270\u1295<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1265 \u12aa\u1233\u122b<\/em>, <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1270\u1291 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d<\/em>, \u12a5\u1293 <em>\u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b \u121b\u1320\u134d<\/em>- \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a5\u1290\u1231 \u1270\u1345\u12a5\u1296 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d<\/em>. \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u12aa\u1233\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u134d\u1273\u1275, <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u1348\u1323\u1295, \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121b\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d <em>\u12e8\u12cd\u1202\u1265 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134d<\/em> \u12a8\u12a2\u1295\u1270\u122d\u1294\u1275 \u12a0\u1230\u1233 \u1300\u121d\u122e \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1208\u121d\u12a0\u1240\u134d \u12a0\u12cd\u1273\u1228 \u1218\u1228\u1266\u127d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1208\u1201\u1209\u121d \u1290\u1308\u122d\u1362 \u12a8 \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1204\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d <a href=\"https:\/\/commmesh.com\/am\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CommMesh<\/a>\u1363 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209\u1362 <em>\u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302<\/em> \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 <em>\u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u121b\u1323\u1275<\/em>- \u12a8\u130d\u120d\u133d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u134d\u1325\u1290\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1308\u1293\u1299 \u12ed\u1246\u12e9!<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u12a5\u1305\u130d \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1348\u1323\u1295 \u1260\u1206\u1290 \u12e8\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u12ac\u1265\u120e\u127d\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u1260\u12ed\u1290\u1218\u1228\u1265 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275\u12ce \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u130a\u12dc \u12a8\u1270\u1320\u1260\u1240\u12cd \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1240\u122d\u134b\u134b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1320\u12ed\u1240\u12cd \u12eb\u12cd\u1243\u1209? \u1218\u120d\u1231 \u1265\u12d9\u12cd\u1295 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u1218\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ab\u120d \u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1235 \u120b\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12ad\u1235\u1270\u1276\u127d \u12f3\u1273 \u1260\u134b\u12ed\u1260\u122d \u12a6\u1355\u1272\u12ad \u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302 \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u1260\u1325\u1229 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1313\u12dd \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12a5\u1296 \u120a\u12eb\u1233\u12f5\u1229 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209\u1363 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a8\u126a\u12f2\u12ee \u1325\u122a \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12f0\u1218\u1293 \u121b\u1235\u120b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u133d\u12d5\u1296 \u12eb\u1233\u12f5\u122b\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1208\u1300\u121b\u122a \u1270\u1235\u121b\u121a \u1218\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u1228\u121d\u122b\u1208\u1295 [\u2026]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3518,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"34","_seopress_titles_title":"Fibre Optic Signal Loss and 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